Bead Bundle: Large mono-filament steel cords that are intertwined to form a cable or ribbon-type configuration. They secure the tyre to the wheel.
Bead Chafer: Bead chafer stiffens the bead area of the tyre and protects it against any abrasion from the steel bead wires.
Bead Filler: A rubber compound inside bead configuration and extends up into the sidewall area.
Sidewall: A smooth vertical area on the side of the tyre between the edge of the tread and the bead of the tyre, which does not include any area where tread grooves are still visible. Multiple markings like the tyre size, construction detail, speed rating and load rating are mentioned on the sidewall.
Body Plies: This is the tyre itself, made up of several layers of plies. Plies, like polyester cord, run perpendicular to the tyre's tread and are coated with rubber to help bond with other plies and belts to seal air in the tyre. Plies give tyres strength and resistance to road damage.
Carcass: Its layer above the inner liner, consisting of thin textile fiber cords bonded into the rubber. A tyre’s carcass provides the structure needed for a tyre to perform. It determines strength of a tyre and helps it to resist pressure. Standard tyres contain about 1,400 cords, each one of which can resist a force of 33 lb. Changing a single carcass component can dramatically impact tyre performance.
Belts: Belts provide rigid base for the tread. It is also knows as Crown Plies.
Cap Plies: Situated above the steel belts and towards the tread, cap plies are layers of rubberized nylon cords used to wrap steel belts circumfentially and under the tread. Cap plies increase tyres' durability and prevents them form damage due to belt separation.
Inner Liner: A layer of synthetic rubber designed to keep the air inside the tyre and maintain air pressure.
Undertread: Material between the bottom of the tread rubber and the top layer of steel belts; acts as cushion that enhances comfort.
Sipes: Siping is the process of cutting thin slits across the surface of a tyre. These sipes open as the tyre rolls into the contact patch and then close, breaking water tension on the road surface and putting rubber in contact with the road. In essence, these improves traction on snowy, wet or icy surfaces. These also help manage tyre heat when the road is overly hot.
Tread: The tread is the part of the tyre that makes contact with the surface of the road. It provides traction and turning grip for the tyre and is designed to resist wear, abrasion and heat.
Grooving: The space between two adjacent tread ribs; also called tread grooves.
Ribs: Ribs are the raised section of the tread pattern, made up of tread blocks. It is the strip of rubber that wraps around the circumference of a tyre. There are several ribs molded into each tread pattern.
Shoulder: The area of tyre where the tread and sidewall meet.
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